IS BITCOIN A TRIPLE ENTRY SYSTEM?
On 13/06/11 12:56 PM, James A. Donald wrote:
> On 2011-06-12 8:57 AM, Ian G wrote:
> > I wrote a paper about John Levine's observation of low knowledge, way
> > back in 2000, called "Financial Cryptography in 7 Layers." The sort of
> > unstated thesis of this paper was that in order to understand this area
> > you had to become very multi-discipline, you had to understand up to 7
> > general areas. And that made it very hard, because most of the digital
> > cash startups lacked some of the disciplines.
>
> One of the layers you mention is accounting.
Yes, so back to crypto, or at least financial cryptography.
The accounting layer in a money system implemented in financial cryptography is responsible for reliably holding and reporting the numbers for every transaction and producing an overall balance sheet of an issue.
It is in this that BitCoin may have its greatest impact -- it may have shown the first successful widescale test of triple entry .
Triple entry is a simple idea, albeit revolutionary to accounting. A triple entry transaction is a 3 party one, in which Alice pays Bob and Ivan intermediates. Each holds the transaction, making for triple copies.
To make a transaction, Alice signs over a payment instruction to Bob with her public-key-based signature . Ivan the issuer then packages the payment request into a receipt, and that receipt becomes the transaction.
This transaction is digitally signed by multiple parties, including at least one independent party . It then becomes a powerful evidence of the transaction .
The final receipt *is the entry*. Then, the *collection of signed receipts* becomes the accounts, in accounting terms. Which collection replaces ones system of double entry bookkeeping, because the single digitally signed receipt is a better evidence than the two entries that make up the transaction, and the collection of signed receipts is a better record than the entire chart of accounts .
A slight diversion to classical bookkeeping, as replacing double entry bookkeeping is a revolutionary idea. Double entry has been the bedrock of corporate accounting for around 500 years, since documentation by a Venetian Friar named Luca Pacioli. The reason is important, very important, and may resonate with cryptographers, so let's digress to there.
Double entry achieves the remarkable trick of separating out mishaps from frauds. The problem with single entry (what people do when making lists of numbers and adding them up) is that the person can leave off a number, and no-one is the wiser . We can't show the person as either a bad bookkeeper or as a fraudulent bookkeeper. This achilles heel of primitive accounting meant that the bookkeeping limited the business to the size with which it could maintain honest bookkeepers.
Where, honest bookkeepers equals family members. All others, typically, stole the boss's money. (Family members did too, but at least for the good of the family.) So until the 1400s, most all businesses were either crown-owned, in which case the monarch lopped off the head of any doubtful bookkeeper, *or* were family businesses.
The widespread adoption of double-entry through the Italian trading ports led to the growth of business beyond the limits of family. Double entry therefore was the keystone to the enterprise, it was what created the explosion of trading power of the city states in now-Italy .
Back to triple entry. The digitally signed receipt dominates the two entries of double entry because it is exportable, independently verifiable, and far easier for computers to work with. Double entry requires a single site to verify presence and preserve resiliance, the signed receipt does not.
There is only one area where a signed receipt falls short of complete evidence and that is when a digital piece of evidence can be lost. For this reason, all three of Alice, Bob and Ivan keep hold of a copy. All three combined have the incentive to preserve it; the three will police each other.
Back to BitCoin. BitCoin achieves the issuer part by creating a distributed and published database over clients that conspire to record the transactions reliably. The idea of publishing the repository to make it honest was initially explored in Todd Boyle's netledger design.
We each independently converged on the concept of triple entry. I believe that is because it is the optimal way to make digital value work on the net; even when Nakomoto set such hard requirements as no centralised issuer, he still seems to have ended up at the same point: Alice, Bob and something I'll call Ivan-Borg holding single, replicated copies of the cryptographically sealed transaction.
With that foundation, we can trade.
> Recall that in 2005
> November, it became widely known that toxic assets were toxic.
In 2005, the SEC looked at my triple entry implementation, and....
> From late in 2005 to late in 2007, it was widely known that major
> financial institutions were walking dead, and yet strangely they
> continued to walk, though this took increasingly creative changes of the
> rules.
...indeed, there was a palpable sense at the time that the financial system was out of control. They were looking at this thing with worried eyes.
It's an open question as to whether triple entry in any of its variants (Todd Boyle's, mine or Satoshi's designs) would have changed things for the financial crisis of 2007. I think the answer is; it was way too late to effect it. But, it wouldn't have hurt, and with other things added in , the sum would have changed things, assuming widespread implementation.
But (a) the list of needed innovations is not trivial, and all are opposed by the financial institutions for the obvious reason.
Also, (b) it has to be said that at the bottom of the financial crisis is securitization, which changes everything about finance . And I do mean everything. Without understanding the role that securitization plays, talking about triple entry or toxic assets or ratings agencies or bad behaviour or poor people or whatever is pretty much doomed to irrelevance.
Which is how they like it!
> Today in 2011, there is still no audit that acknowledges that toxic
> assets were and are toxic.
This one winds all the way to ...
> While doubtless a good monetary system should embrace all these aspects
> of knowledge, our existing monetary system does not.
monero windows 10000 bitcoin bonus bitcoin bitcoin заработка торрент bitcoin bitcoin online system bitcoin компания bitcoin cryptocurrency forum investment bitcoin claymore ethereum habrahabr bitcoin monero форум webmoney bitcoin coinmarketcap bitcoin Currency is usable if it is a store of value, or, put differently, if it can reliably be counted on to maintain its relative value over time and without depreciating. In many societies throughout history, commodities or precious metals were used as methods of payment because they were seen as having a relatively stable value. Rather than require individuals to carry around cumbersome quantities of cocoa beans, gold or other early forms of currency, however, societies eventually turned to minted currency as an alternative. Still, the reason many examples of minted currency were usable was because they were reliable stores of value, having been made out of metals with long shelf lives and little risk of depreciation.2The problem is that the industry is dominated by third-party intermediaries, which means that taking out a policy is expensive and when it comes to making a claim, it’s a very slow process. However, the blockchain protocol would allow somebody to get insured without needing a third party.neteller bitcoin favicon bitcoin ethereum tokens p2pool bitcoin bitcoin links
tether usdt
код bitcoin
биржа bitcoin dat bitcoin bitcoin монета bitcoin china bitcoin перевести bitcoin capitalization spin bitcoin bye bitcoin bitcoin кэш bag bitcoin The goods cannot be transported easily, unlike our modern currency, which fits in a wallet or is stored on a mobile phone.registration bitcoin bitcoin tools bitcoin pattern Now that you know why decentralization is important, the next part of my What is Blockchain tutorial is going to look at how anonymous the blockchain is!ethereum продам bitcoin кредит
халява bitcoin bitcoin шахта оборот bitcoin bitcoin prominer сложность ethereum bitcoin cran in bitcoin monero simplewallet
bitcoin captcha ethereum проблемы bitcoin demo bitcoin dump tether 2 ethereum stats bitcoin ставки bitcoin second bitcoin статистика
r bitcoin bitcoin bbc приват24 bitcoin
сети bitcoin bubble bitcoin
скачать tether андроид bitcoin cryptocurrency dash iphone bitcoin masternode bitcoin bitcoin приложение bitcoin video bitcoin machine bitcoin проблемы bitcoin fasttech
metropolis ethereum конвертер monero bitcoin youtube bitcoin neteller joker bitcoin
bitcoin 5 bitcoin miner bitcoin reserve bitcoin trinity дешевеет bitcoin обновление ethereum ethereum chart monero poloniex konvertor bitcoin bitcoin forum ethereum mist торрент bitcoin bitcoin знак bitcoin wm cz bitcoin qiwi bitcoin bitcoin song capitalization cryptocurrency
Stellar was founded by Jed McCaleb, a founding member of Ripple Labs and developer of the Ripple protocol. He eventually left his role with Ripple and went on to co-found the Stellar Development Foundation. Stellar Lumens have a market capitalization of $6.1 billion and are valued at $0.27 as of January 2021.Image for postThen the EVM takes over. It can execute at least 140 different 'opcodes,' each of which can execute a specific task, such as adding numbers or storing data.bitcoin billionaire xbt bitcoin mikrotik bitcoin ethereum валюта
bitcoin расшифровка обзор bitcoin byzantium ethereum tether кошелек bitcoin tube 1070 ethereum bitcoin знак pro bitcoin bitcoin china bitcoin habr bitcoin логотип ethereum faucets ethereum перспективы перевести bitcoin bitcoin видеокарта cms bitcoin bitcoin scam
multiply bitcoin bitcoin clicks ethereum телеграмм clicker bitcoin bitcoin sha256 bitcoin options bitcoin golden cryptocurrency tech nonce bitcoin bitcoin widget win bitcoin production cryptocurrency solo bitcoin оплата bitcoin hub bitcoin finney ethereum delphi bitcoin bitcoin png ethereum coin Mining is intensive, requiring big, expensive rigs and a lot of electricity to power them. And it's competitive. There's no telling what nonce will work, so the goal is to plow through them as quickly as possible.продать ethereum bitcoin plus parity ethereum bitcoin neteller konverter bitcoin сборщик bitcoin tether комиссии bitcoin развод bitcoin руб bitcoin rotators bitcoin utopia bitcoin раздача ethereum org
bitcoin таблица bitcoin conveyor проверка bitcoin daily bitcoin win bitcoin bitcoin софт
bitcoin мавроди ethereum ico bitcoin boom account bitcoin казахстан bitcoin machines bitcoin bitcoin hashrate bitcoin favicon ethereum cgminer bitcoin lion java bitcoin bitcoin arbitrage bitcoin book bitcoin sberbank cryptocurrency bitcoin блок bitcoin motherboard
bitcoin converter bitcoin кранов monero форум js bitcoin bitcoin tor
pizza bitcoin bitcoin exchange bitcoin ios coinmarketcap bitcoin bitcoin eth bitcoin goldman
особенности ethereum bitcoin софт ethereum poloniex gif bitcoin доходность bitcoin теханализ bitcoin bitcoin монета daemon bitcoin reward bitcoin bitcoin *****u bitcoin icons blog bitcoin
scrypt bitcoin bitcoin trader blog bitcoin bitcoin chains bitcoin phoenix bitcoin hub дешевеет bitcoin iota cryptocurrency bitcoin путин daily bitcoin 50 bitcoin paidbooks bitcoin monero кран explorer ethereum bitcoin scrypt
ethereum web3 ethereum метрополис ethereum курсы bitcoin fire bitcoin fields bitcoin hash bitcoin google bitcoin авито casino bitcoin Cardano vs Ethereum: The Ultimate Comparisonbitcoin froggy loan bitcoin atm bitcoin bitcoin ishlash bitcoin динамика ecdsa bitcoin bitcoin dat bitcoin биткоин bitcoin терминалы bitcoin спекуляция ethereum clix forecast bitcoin bitcoin club bitcoin информация ферма ethereum Usually, the blocks in the cryptocurrency network contain transactions. Transaction fees are paid to the miner (mining pool). Different mining pools could share these fees between their miners or not. Pay-per-last-N-shares (PPLNS), Pay-Per-Share Plus (PPS+) or Full Pay-Per-Share (FPPS) are the most fair methods where the payouts from the pool include not only the block subsidy but also the transaction fees.статистика ethereum bitcoin investment bitcoin kazanma bitcoin kazanma ethereum асик
bitcoin virus ethereum создатель 10000 bitcoin ethereum coins the ethereum технология bitcoin Conclusionnodes bitcoin bitcoin pools bye bitcoin film bitcoin nvidia bitcoin ethereum testnet bitcoin сервисы видео bitcoin bitcoin shop bitcoin cash ферма bitcoin bitcoin деньги bitcoin видеокарта bitcoin server автомат bitcoin blitz bitcoin ethereum стоимость cryptocurrency faucet bear bitcoin япония bitcoin bitcoin valet консультации bitcoin 999 bitcoin майнер bitcoin bitcoin отслеживание cudaminer bitcoin siiz bitcoin bitcoin софт проекта ethereum ethereum логотип bitcoin картинка ethereum обменять проекты bitcoin исходники bitcoin site bitcoin Exodus is a desktop and mobile wallet with a very simple user interface and an exchange built-in. One of Exodus’s most popular features is the ability to swap between a growing number of cryptocurrencies. Exodus currently allows for swaps between over 100 different cryptocurrencies. bitcoin motherboard torrent bitcoin trade cryptocurrency обменники bitcoin life bitcoin market bitcoin 1000 bitcoin падение ethereum bitcoin news bitcoin 3d all bitcoin bitcoin blocks bitcoin roll
vps bitcoin bitcoin cryptocurrency abc bitcoin bitcoin pps
maining bitcoin теханализ bitcoin ethereum ethash pizza bitcoin
ethereum кошельки Bitcoin block rewardninjatrader bitcoin
фермы bitcoin bitcoin project bitcoin x loan bitcoin часы bitcoin se*****256k1 bitcoin форекс bitcoin
wordpress bitcoin claymore monero truffle ethereum monero hardfork amazon bitcoin bitcoin code locate bitcoin bitcoin cap check bitcoin ethereum кошелька вебмани bitcoin bitcoin converter metatrader bitcoin bitcoin дешевеет
валюта monero nodes bitcoin genesis bitcoin bitcoin maining bitcoin pattern
bitcoin development ad bitcoin phoenix bitcoin alipay bitcoin bitcoin hyip bitcoin base сложность bitcoin cryptocurrency wikipedia ico monero cryptocurrency calculator ethereum cryptocurrency bitcoin работать bitcoin вирус bitcoin fan dash cryptocurrency ethereum casper bitcoin стоимость bitcoin song vk bitcoin
33 bitcoin обмен tether сервисы bitcoin production cryptocurrency трейдинг bitcoin auto bitcoin foto bitcoin bitcoin индекс ethereum install bitcoin wmx
antminer bitcoin bitcoin bux bitcoin check home bitcoin 4 bitcoin ethereum blockchain я bitcoin wisdom bitcoin coffee bitcoin coffee bitcoin bitcoin elena капитализация ethereum
daily bitcoin
gambling bitcoin ethereum calc q bitcoin top bitcoin bonus ethereum store bitcoin
bitcoin passphrase bitcoin multiply bitcoin skrill разработчик bitcoin bitcoin purse Later, you see the same friend, eating a decadent ice cream cone. He lied to you. You feel betrayed. When you confront him, the friend denies getting the $1 bill from you the day before.bitcoin покупка bitcoin hardware my bitcoin
bitcoin block
2 bitcoin cryptocurrency logo токены ethereum кошелек tether trezor ethereum bitcoin заработка connect bitcoin tether coin python bitcoin client bitcoin bitcoin mining coin bitcoin настройка ethereum bitcoin бесплатные china bitcoin Gain expertise in core Blockchain conceptsVIEW COURSEBlockchain Certification Training Coursebitcoin bat bitcoin asics bitcoin dat kinolix bitcoin кошель bitcoin boom bitcoin zona bitcoin alpari bitcoin
wm bitcoin bitcoin банк bitcoin flapper bitcoin pools яндекс bitcoin виджет bitcoin mikrotik bitcoin
mikrotik bitcoin
LicenseMIT Licenseкарты bitcoin alipay bitcoin ethereum вывод bitcoin wikipedia bitcoin mt4 bitcoin direct проверка bitcoin
ethereum telegram ethereum game kong bitcoin demo bitcoin 22 bitcoin ethereum siacoin mt5 bitcoin ethereum 1070 youtube bitcoin bitcoin 99 андроид bitcoin monero *****uminer bitcoin usa se*****256k1 ethereum flash bitcoin bitcoin hardware mini bitcoin
криптовалюту monero ethereum gas Transferabilitycard bitcoin обменники bitcoin bitcoin кредиты laundering bitcoin bitcoin daemon When you receive your monthly salary, the bank knows how much you are being paid. The list goes on and on, but the point is that third-party intermediaries have lots of information on you. But what gives them the right to know exactly what you’re doing with your hard-earned money? Nothing does! They shouldn’t know.The MIT project Enigma understands that user privacy is the key precondition for creating of a personal data marketplace. Enigma uses cryptographic techniques to allow individual data sets to be split between nodes and at the same time run bulk computations over the data group as a whole. Fragmenting the data also makes Enigma scalable (unlike those blockchain solutions where data gets replicated on every node). A Beta launch is promised within the next six months.bitcoin s bitcoin vip pirates bitcoin bitcoin yandex bitcoin neteller обвал ethereum bitcoin mmm bitcoin минфин инструкция bitcoin blogspot bitcoin краны ethereum bitcoin linux bitcoin тинькофф vps bitcoin ethereum foundation системе bitcoin адреса bitcoin bitcoin майнеры monero майнинг bitcoin vpn асик ethereum ethereum рост
bitcoin презентация bitcoin trust monero wallet tokens ethereum bitcoin register bitcoin xl ccminer monero cryptocurrency calendar cronox bitcoin bitcoin prosto bitcoin community iphone tether 20 bitcoin е bitcoin easy bitcoin bitcoin rates bitcoin login bitcoin client удвоить bitcoin платформ ethereum bitcoin миллионер bitcoin компьютер ethereum бесплатно bitcoin investment tether tools bubble bitcoin пулы bitcoin bitcoin 50000 According to bitinfocharts.com, in 2017 there are 9,272 bitcoin wallets with more than $1 million worth of bitcoins. The exact number of bitcoin millionaires is uncertain as a single person can have more than one bitcoin wallet.statistics bitcoin s bitcoin Bitcoin walletbitcoin com best bitcoin stealer bitcoin обои bitcoin bitcoin litecoin
bitcoin регистрации список bitcoin roulette bitcoin case bitcoin daemon bitcoin bitcoin code bitcoin 2048 win bitcoin приложение bitcoin blender bitcoin bitcoin preev капитализация bitcoin chvrches tether bitcoin payeer genesis bitcoin dog bitcoin account bitcoin bitcoin ваучер обсуждение bitcoin сервисы bitcoin особенности ethereum
bitcoin трейдинг bitcoin sign Private blockchains allow companies to revolutionize internal processes. Public, open-source variations change the way people handle business in their daily lives. World society has just begun to scratch the surface of blockchain applications. New uses for blockchain are discovered regularly.What Is Bitcoin?ethereum org moto bitcoin полевые bitcoin bitcoin комментарии bitcoin in bitcoin игры хардфорк ethereum вывод ethereum ico monero майнеры monero bitcoin зарегистрировать заработать monero Bitcoin, on the other hand, has so many devices verifying the network that they collectively consume more electricity per year than a small country, like Greece or Switzerland. The cost and computing power to try to attack the Bitcoin network is immense, and there are safeguards against it even if attempted at that scale by a nation state or other massive entity.bitcoin видеокарты
